Jorjani Biomedicine Journal

Background and objective: Accurate understanding of the anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and its relation with anatomical landmarks of mandibular molar teeth can reduce the risk of unwanted injuries to the IAN during implant placement.
Methods: 44 CBCTs of patients,who have been reffered to the private oral and maxillofacial radiology center, were examined by a radiologist on the axial, sagittal and coronal planes. Then, the distances between mandibular canal and buccal cortex (BN) and lingual cortex (LN), buccolingual width of the mandibular canal (BL), and the distances between the canal and apex of the first molar (M1N) and second molar of mandible (M2N) were obtained from cross-sectional images. Data were analyzed using SPSS17 software and  Kolmogorov-smirnov and Mann-whitney test.
Results: 21 males and 23 females aged 20 to 50 years old (mean age: 37.8±7.52) were examined. The mean intervals in the regions of first molar in the right and left sides were BN: 4.03,4.06 mm, LN: 2.10,2.58 mm, BL: 2.20,2.20 mm, and M1N: 5.77,5.78 mm and in the second molar region, on the right and left sides were BN: 5.21,5.20 mm, LN: 1.95,1.80 mm and BL: 2.30,2.20 mm and M2N: 3.85,3.55 mm, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean buccolingual width of mandibular canal in both sides in the region of first molar and left side in the region of second molar between two genders. (P=0.009, P=0.019, P=0.045). Other measurements were not significantly different between two genders (P>0.05).  The age range of patients had no effect on any of the distances and measurements (P>0.05).
Conclusion: buccolingual width of mandibular canal in both sides in the region of first molar and left side in the region of second molar was associated with gender.

Background and objective: Automatic semantic segmentation of skin lesions is one of the most important medical requirements in the diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer, and scientists always try to achieve more accurate lesion segmentation systems. Developing an accurate model for lesion segmentation helps in timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Material and Methods: In this study, a two-stage deep learning-based method is presented for accurate segmentation of skin lesions. At the first stage, detection stage, an approximate location of the lesion in a dermoscopy is estimated using deep Yolo v2 network. A sub-image is cropped from the input dermoscopy by considering a margin around the estimated lesion bounding box and then resized to a predetermined normal size. DeepLab convolutional neural network is used at the second stage, segmentation stage, to extract the exact lesion area from the normalized image.
Results: A standard and well-known dataset of dermoscopic images, (ISBI) 2017 dataset, is used to evaluate the proposed method and compare it with the state-of-the-art methods. Our method achieved Jaccard value of 79.05%, which is 2.55% higher than the Jaccard of the winner of the ISIC 2017 challenge.
Conclusion: Experiments demonstrated that the proposed two-stage CNN-based lesion segmentation method outperformed other state-of-the-art methods on the well-known ISIB2017 dataset. High accuracy in detection stage is of most important. Using the detection stage based on Yolov2 before segmentation stage, DeepLab3+ structure with appropriate backbone network, data augmentation, and additional modes of input images are the main reasons of the significant improvement.

Background and objective: In recent years, with the increase in resistance due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic antibiotics, it seems necessary to find alternative drugs that have both antibacterial properties and have the least side effects for humans. The purpose of this study is to review the antibacterial properties of some medicinal plants.
Material And Method In this review study, the content related to the antibacterial properties of Thymus vulgaris, Mentha pulegium, Crocus sativus, and Salvia officinalis were studied within Magiran, SID, PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Scopus databases from 1981 to 2019. Previously published specialized articles and systematic meta-analysis were used as a supplementary source for identifying relevant articles.  Finally, data from 46 articles were pooled and analyzed.
Result: Extracts and essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Mentha pulegium, Crocus sativus, and Salvia officinalis had a good antibacterial properties against a variety of pathogenic bacteria and their infections.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the studied plants can be considered as a suitable option for treating infections caused by pathogenic bacteria and helping to Return the sensitivity of antibiotics in these bacteria, and this requires more comprehensive research on medicinal plants.

Background and Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders are considered the primary health problem among military pilots. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperament, Somatotype and some anthropometric variables and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in military pilots.
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study which was conducted in 2020, in Tehran, 100 military pilots from selected Air Force bases were participated. Prediction of injury was assessed by functional movement screen test. The pilots’ temperaments were determined by the standard natural temperament questionnaire. Somatotype was calculated using the Heath-Carter method. Anthropometric data were also collected. The relationship between variables was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression and the difference between different temperaments in the values of variables was evaluated by one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05).
Results: The mean age, weight and functional movement screen score of the pilots were 34.36±5.94, 84.68±8.55 and 17.99±1.59, respectively. Between cold and wet temperament (P = 0.01), endomorphic component of somatotype (P = 0.001), weight (P = 0.001), Body mass index (P = 0.001), waist (P = 0.001), hip (P = 0.001), flexed arm (P = 0.004) and calf (P = 0.006) circumference had a significant negative relationship with functional movement screen test score. Functional movement screen test showed a significant positive relationship only with ectomorphic component (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between different temperaments in functional movement screen test score (P = 0.64). Multiple linear regression showed a significant negative relationship only between functional movement screen test score and endomorphic component (P = 0.01).
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that cold and wet temperament, weight, body mass index and endomorphic component of somatotype as individual characteristics are important factors that inversely related to functional movement screen test score of military pilots that should be considered.

Background and Objective: Oral health affects physical and mental health, growth, enjoyment and community. Anxiety and depression can lead to tooth decay, thereby indirectly affecting the periodontal health of people. Those who experience mental illness also suffer from poor oral health and do not adherence with oral health instructions. Mental illness leads to fear, unhealthy habits, and distrust of dentists, each of which alone affects oral and dental health. This study aimed to evaluate the DMFT-affecting mental diseases in adults in Shahedieh in a cohort study in 2016.
Material and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, Shahedieh cohort plan was used to collect the research data. Different psychological variables such as the history of these diseases, the drugs used in these patients, and the current incidence of mental illness were extracted from the especial Yazd Shahedieh cohort questionnaire. Oral health status in the participants was estimated based on the DMF index for permanent teeth in the participants. Mean, percentage, and standard deviation was performed to describe descriptive data, as well as Chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA, Regression. In addition, a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: In the present study, total, 9967 subjects were enrolled in the study, 5028 of whom were men and 4939 were women. No significant difference was observed between the male and female participants regarding the number of decayed (p=0.14) and missing teeth (p=0.24) and DMFT index (p=0.69). There was no significant relationship between age and DMFT indexes. No correlation was observed between the level of education and DMFT index (p=0.147). There was no significant relationship between DMFT index and psychological disorders (depression [P=0.19]), other psychiatric diseases [P= 0.32]), mental health care (depression treatment [P=0.45] and treatment of other psychiatric diseases [P=0.97].)
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, no significant relationship was found between the DMFT index based on the mental and psychological profiles of the subjects.

Background and Objective: Autophagy is a genetically and evolutionarily conserved the programmed process that destroys long-lived cellular proteins and organelles. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of strength training with alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on LC3-I and P62 in elderly diabetic rats.
Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 35 old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (healthy control, diabetic, diabetic + strength training, Diabetic + supplement, Diabetic + strength training + supplement). First, the rats became diabetic and had a fatty liver. Strength training program in 10 weeks performed. Alfa-lipoic acid supplement was also injected 3 days a week. At the end of the training period and tissues were removed and the expression of LC3-I and P62 were measured by RT-PCR. For data analysis, a one-way analysis variance test was used for comparison between groups was considered (P<0/05).
Results: The result showed mRNA LC3-1 has increased and this change is more in the diabetic group. (P=0.001) and  despite the decrease in P62 gene expression, we did not see a significant difference between the control group and the diabetic in the training group with and without supplementation.However, no significant difference was observed between training methods and supplementation with exercise. Also, resistance training in combination with alpha-lipoic acid supplementation had a significant effect on reducing P62 content between control and experimental groups. (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Alfa-lipoic acid supplement with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect along with exercise can play an important role in improving fatty liver in elderly type 2 diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Human development is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors whose foundation is formed from infancy and childhood. Preterm birth and low birth weight are important issues that can affect the development and threaten the public health.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early exercise interventions on gross motor skills of children with preterm birth aged 3 to 6 years.
Material and Methods: In this Experimental study, 30 children with average (2066 ±354g) were selected from among the preterm infants (32 to 37 weeks less than 2500 g) admitted to NICU ward. They were divided into two groups (experimental group n=15 and control group n=15 children).To evaluate the gross motor skills of children, the second version of the Peabody developmental motor scale was used. The results were analyzed by SPSS using ANCOVA test (p≤0.05).
Results: The results of this study showed that early interventions can have a positive effect on the gross motor skills of these children and the participants in the experimental group were able to obtain higher scores than the control group after participating in the training program.
Conclusion: The results showed that training interventions have a significant effect on both stability and locomotion skills.

Background and Objective: The rate of cesarean section has been increasing in many regions of the world, including Iran in recent years. Therefore, the seventh axis of the health system development plan was dedicated to promoting natural childbirth at hospitals of Iran to improve the health of mothers and infants and reduce the rate of cesarean section. The present study aimed to analyze the policy gap of the health system development plan in the axis of promoting natural childbirth.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 384 employees, medical staff and physicians in the field of education, health and treatment at Golestan University of Medical Sciences using simple random sampling. The data collection tool included a 35-item researcher-made questionnaire. After confirmation of its validity by supervisors and advisors, its reliability was obtained to be 0.84 by Cronbach's alpha test, indicating the reliability of the questionnaire. We distributed and collected the questionnaires in 6 months from the September to the December of 2020, and analyzed data using SPSS 22.
Results: In the seventh axis of the health system development plan, there was a gap of
-0.004 between the current and desired status, indicating that the gap between the current and desired status was close to the center axis and in the field of cooperation in the statistical population of the study.
Conclusion: Implementation of a plan to promote natural childbirth was effective in reducing the rate of cesarean section and encouraging pregnant mothers to give natural childbirth but the effectiveness was not enough to achieve the goals of the seventh axis of the plan. Therefore, the factors, which caused the lack of cooperation between the executive departments of the University of Medical Sciences, must be eliminated for creating effectiveness.

On behalf of our Editorial team at Jorjani Biomedicine Journal, my heartfelt recognition for the commitment and contributions of those who served as reviewers for Jorjani Biomedicine Journal in 2021 is listed below. The high quality of their reviews is an extraordinary asset to ensure the quality of the articles published in the Jorjani Biomedicine Journal. I want to express my most sincere and deepest appreciation to all of you exceptional scientists, researchers, and clinicians, for being part of this community as reviewers.

Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Mahdieh Hasani, Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Navisa Sadat Seyedghasemi, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Roya Nikbakht, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Dept., Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran.
Ezatolah Kazeminejad, Department of Midwifery, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz. Iran.
Mahin Nomali, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mohamad Asghari Jafarabadi, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Sara Cheraghi, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rheumatology Research center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Seyed Mostafa Mir, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Zahra Hesari, Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Seyed Ali Hosseini, Department of Sport Physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.
Milad Khorasani, Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Nazanin Mortazavi, Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental School, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Seyed Mehdi Jafari, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan/ Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Iman Fathi, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Vali-e-Asr, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Motahareh Kaboodsaz Yazdi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Fatemeh Owlia, associate professor. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran/ Social determinants of oral health -research center, shahid sadoughi university of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Ali Khajelandi, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran.
Majid Kashef, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.
Morteza Oladenabi, Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran/Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Maryam Chehrehgosha, Department of Surgical Technology, Paramedical School, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran/ Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Mina Pakkhesal, Dental Research Center, Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Fatemeh Seifi, Dental Research Center, Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Sedigheh Moghassemi, Counseling and Reproductive Health Research Centre, Department of Midwifery, School of Gorgan Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Ali Bazzi, Guilan University of Medical SciencesBeheshti School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan, Iran.
Marie Saghaeian, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Fatemeh Bagheri, Department of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis Street, Molla Sadra Ave, Tehran, Iran.
Ebrahim Kohsari, Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Elham Fakhari, Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Hashem Heshmati, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Sakineh Gerayllo, Department of Health, School of Public Health, Golestan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Saeed Mohammadi, Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran/ Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Mehdi Yadegari, Khaje Nasir Toosi University of Technology Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mashhad, Iran.
Kamyar Khoshnevisan, Medical Nanotechnology, and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran/ Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Haleh Zokaee, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dentistry Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Yashar Bagherizadeh, Department of Microbiology, Kazeroon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon.
Fatemeh Mehravar, Ph.D. Candidate in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

Background: Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. Research has shown that blood metal levels and physical activity may be key to injury and possibly Alzheimer's treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and Folate Nano-liposome on the expression of D1 and D2 receptors in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's rats.
Methods: Thirty-three male Wistar rats at the age of eight weeks were prepared from Pasteur Institute. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (healthy control, Alzheimer's control, Alzheimer+ HIIT, Alzheimer +Folate Nano liposomes, Alzheimer+ HIIT +Folate Nano liposomes).Alzheimer's induction was performed and Folate Nano-liposomes were injected as a supplement .After the last training session, rats were anesthetized and the hippocampus was analyzed.
Results: The results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant increase between the groups in D1 mRNA and D2 mRNA (P≤0.000). The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that there was a significant increase the control group and the Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's + HIIT and Alzheimer's +folate Nano liposomes. There was a significant increase between Alzheimer's group and Alzheimer's+ HIIT and Alzheimer's+ HIIT+ folate Nano-liposomes (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: Resistance training and Folate Nano-liposomes have changed the content of D1 and D2 in the brain after Alzheimer's induction. These changes may be due in part to the synergistic effect of physical activity and Nano-pharmaceuticals in preventing or reducing the detrimental effects of pathological conditions.

Background and Objectives: The implementation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has increased in recent decades. Due to the positive effects of CAM interventions, 5 to 74.8% of people use these treatments worldwide. However, implementing CAM-related clinical trials is associated with challenging issues. Failure to address these challenges can lead to poor quality of studies, publication of non-scientific findings, and ultimately disregard for human rights and ethics. This review aims to comprehensively review the literature focusing on methodological and ethical challenges for implementing CAM-related clinical trials.
Material and Methods: This review of reviews was conducted via international databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus using keywords extracted from medical subject headings such as “Methods”, “Methodological Study”, “Methodological Studies”, “Ethics”, “Complementary Therapies”, “Complementary Medicine”, “Alternative Medicine”, “Clinical Trial”, and “review” from the earliest to May 1, 2022.
Results: In general, challenging issues for the implementation of CAM-related clinical trials can be divided into two categories: 1) methodological and 2) ethical. Methodological challenges included: Risk of bias, Lack of knowledge of researchers, and Blinding. On the other hand, ethical challenges in clinical trial studies are divided into two categories: patients' rights and placebo use.
Conclusion: Overall, the present study emphasizes the need for special attention to the quality of CAM-related clinical trials. Also, this study can pioneer the introduction of critical challenging issues in CAM-related clinical trials and provide appropriate suggestions for researchers to solve these issues in future studies.

Background and Objectives: As a health emergency of the 21st century, Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, pregnancy complications, psychological problems, lower quality of life experience, as well as a high economic burden and high risk of premature death. This study aimed to develop psychological interventions headings for patients referring to healthcare service centers based on local needs assessment through content analysis method of experts' opinion to provide services in the primary healthcare system.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 19 mental health specialists, professors, and the health team providing services in healthcare service centers (family doctor and mental health expert) in 2018-19. The data obtained from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed using the directed content analysis technique.
Results: The essential finding themes related to the closed headings of psychological interventions in diabetes for improving disease management included "collaborative care," "psychological assessment," the importance of "diabetes coexistence with psychiatric disorders," "creating health behaviors," "self-management training," and "intervention" In crisis" for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: This qualitative study was conducted with the participation of mental health experts. Therefore, the mentioned themes and categories can be used in developing the headings of psychological intervention programs for type 2 diabetic patients, focusing on the needs of Iranian patients and the structure of the health system.

Background: The first 6 to 8 months of a human baby's life are among the most crucial periods of development. Mothers can enhance an infant's development by offering environments rich in appropriate stimuli. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of motor developmental stimulatory training on mothers' motor development (fine and gross) in healthy, full-term, 6-month-old infants.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted 2016 on 72 mothers and their healthy six-month-old infants in Gorgan (Iran). The block randomization method assigned participants to the intervention (n=36) and control (n=36) groups. The motor developmental stimulatory training program was performed for five 90-minute weekly sessions by a midwifery consultant for children's mothers. The fine and gross motor development of infants in both groups was evaluated before the intervention, in the end, and two weeks after the intervention by a research assistant using the Denver-II tool. The data were analyzed using the Friedman and the Mann- Whitney U Tests using SPSS software version 26.
Results: At the beginning of the study, infants’ mean fine motor skills scores were 6.22±0.47 in the intervention group and 6.05±0.43 in the control group, showing no significant difference. Likewise, the mean gross motor skills scores were 6.65±0.52 for the intervention group and 5.7±0.42 for the control group, which was also insignificant (< 0.0116). However, by the end of the training, the mean ages for fine motor skills in the intervention group rose to 9.41±0.75 compared to 7.51±0.42 in the control group, and two weeks later, they were 11.43±0.49 in the intervention group against 8.64±0.54 in the control group, with these differences being significant (P-value < 0.0001). The mean ages for gross motor skills at the end of the training were 7.94±0.61 in the intervention group and 6.7±0.34 in the control group, and two weeks later, 9.3±0.47 in the intervention group compared to 7.46±0.55 in the control group, which was also significant (P-value < 0.0001).
Conclusion: Developmental stimulatory training significantly improves 6-mount infants' gross and fine motor skills. Midwifery consultants can educate mothers about the motor development stimulation package so that they can use it to enhance the fine and gross motor skills of their healthy infant.