Maryam Chehrehgosha, Maryam Dastourpour, Akram Sanagu, Azam Mohamadi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Background and objectives:
Fatigue experience is a psychological experience therefore, the relevant caregivers’ acquaintance with this issue
is the most important step in offering optimal care for the patients. Accordingly, this study was conducted
to determine Cancer-related Fatigue and its Relationship with Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in
Cancer Patients.
A cancer diagnosis is a highly undesirable event for anyone.
Methods:
characteristics form and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. The data were analyzed with the SPSS-
18 software and t-test and ANOVA and tukey post hoc test were used.
In this analytical study, 150 cancer patients visiting the oncology unit, the Shafa Radiotherapy Center,and Gorgan’s 5th Azar Teaching Hospital in 2012, who were selected with a purposive sampling method,participated in the study for 4 months. The required information was collected using a demographic and clinical
Results:
of treatment, 51.3% used chemotherapy-surgery-radiotherapy regimen, 24.7% surgery-chemotherapy regimen,
14% used chemotherapy, 7.3% used radiotherapy, and 2.7% used surgery. The overall mean score
of fatigue was 54.65±8.78 from 100. The variables of residence (P=0. 018), the duration of marriage
(P=0.018), the treatment regimen type (P<0.001), and the family’s economic status (P<0.000) were found to
The patients’ mean age was 48.39±1.5 Of the patients, 55.3% had undergone less than 12 months
have a significant relationship with fatigue.
Conclusion:
Psychological interventions, besides physical caring and nursing interventions play a significant
role in the all-inclusive management of cancer patients’ problems, in particular, their fatigue.
Hamidreza Nikyar, Zohreh Reisi, Habibeh Farokhi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Aims:
The purpose of this study was evaluating the efficacy of cognitive be Behavioral group therapy on
depression and hipness brain Tumor .
Method:
ineachgroup . the experimental group received 4weekly cognitive behavioral therapy session the question nears
depression beak and hope eshaneder were usadas the pre test ,post test and follow-up. The follow-up study was
conducted two months .
options were selected and assigned to two experimental and control group with brain tumor patients
Results:
after the last in tevrnationsessiony the result of covariance analysis showed that the mean scores
of depression in post test was significantly lower than control group (P<0.001) and follow-up (P<0.001) the
e result also showed that the scores of hope higher than con tral group in past test (P<0.001) and follow-up
(P<0.001) it is concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy, could happy life brain tumor.
Conclusion:
pharmacological interventions should be used in patients with brain tumors.
The results suggest that Cognitive Behavior Treatment boat as a valuable addition to surgical and
Yahya Pasdar, Neda Izadi, Mahmoud Khodadost, Kamyar Mansori, Mehdi Ranjbaran, Sedegheh Niazi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Abstract
Background and objectives: Depression is the most common cause of disability caused by diseases in the world. Having physical activity is a solution for reducing depression. This study was conducted to determine the causes of depression and its related factors.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 266 female students participated in the study selected by random stratified sampling. The data were collected with demographic questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the body composition was measured with the body analyzer machine and entered into the SPSS software. To examine the effect of physical activity on depression, a logistic regression model was used with adjusting the effect of the likely confounding variables.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.15 ± 2.4. According to the Beck Depression Inventory, 24.8% (66 individuals) suffered from depression and 69.5% (185 individuals) were healthy and 5.6% (15 persons) were missing from study. The results did not show a significant difference between depression and being local or nonlocal, BMI and the income level. But there was a significant difference between the healthy and the depressed group with regard to physical activity ( P=0.03). Physical activity at recommended levels showed an inverse relationship with depression of students so that students who have the recommended levels of physical activity get the 44% lower chance to be in the depressed group against students who have been low level of physical activity (OR=0.56, 95% CI:0.31-0.99, P=0.046).
Conclusion: Due to the effect of physical activity on reducing depression, providing sport facilities, recommending people to increase their physical activity and culture making in the society can serve as constructive solutions to improving the psychological health and preventing depression in the society.
Sepideh Amouian, Safieh Kholus Makhtumi, Maryam Mohammad Khani, Mahin Nomali,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Background & objective: But its etiology is unknown. Based on deficiency of epidemiological studies, this study Family and genetic factors are effective on incidence of external hydrocephalus aimed to determine the demographic features of children with external hydrocephalus.
Methods: Referred to Taleghani tertiary hospital during 2009-2011 were assessed. Inclusion criteria In this retrospective descriptive study (2011), all records of children with external hydrocephalus was definite diagnosis of external hydrocephalus. Checklist was used for data collection. All data were entered to SPSS software (version 16) and were described by descriptive statistics.
Results: (48.8%), 32 cases born by cesarean section (78%), 31 cases (75.6%) with no consanguineous marriage of parents, 38 cases (92.7%) born at term gestational age, 24 cases (58.53%) with macrocephaly in family, 17 cases (41.5%) with hospitalization history, 39 cases (95.1) with normal birth weight were assessed. Mean of age and head circumference were 8.8±2.8 years and 35.15±1.5 cm, respectively. Increase of head circumference with 30.2 % was the most common complaint at referred time during health cares. 33 cases (80.5%) diagnosed based on CT scan and 11 cases (26.8%) had development delay. From 41 children included to the study, 33 boys (80.5%), 20 cases with Fars ethnicity
Conclusion: Of head circumference during health cares had the most frequency of external hydrocephalus. Much more attention to these children and early diagnosis and treatment is essential. Boys children with fars ethnicity, macrocephaly history, developmental delay and increase.
Najmeh Ahangari, Marjan Masoudi, Aliakbar Poursadegh, Abdolazim Nejatizadeh,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Deafness is the most common sensory disorder in humans which is highly heterogeneous. Among its various types, autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) is responsible for 80% of pre-speech congenital cases of hearing loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic linkage of DFNB4 locus in hearing impaired families in Hormozgan.
Method: Ten deaf large families in the Hormozgan province were selected. A hearing impaired person was selected from each family tree and sequence of the GJB2 gene in regards of coding regions' mutations was investigated using sequencing method. STR markers of DFNB4 locus in families with no mutation in GJB2 were amplified using PCR and after determining the type alleles, they were analyzed for linkage.
Results: In one among the ten studied families, GJB2 mutation was observed. The nine other families were entered for linkage studies and no linkage was found in the said families.
Conclusion: Due to the high heterogeneity of loci associated with ARNSHL, other factors may be involved in the cause of deafness in families, without mutations in the GJB2 gene and the investigated locus. Therefore it is recommended to study other loci and more families in this matter.
Esmael Ghahremani, Afshin Maleki, Somayeh Ghafouri, Nasrin Feyzi, Shahram Sadeghi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Cattle Slaughterhouses are one of the main centers of wastewater producing facilities with high pollution load, which in the absence of proper treatment can cause a lot of environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Industrial slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant in the city of Sanandaj in 2012.
Method: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted in the laboratory of faculty of health, university of medical sciences in Sanandaj in the year 2012 for three months. Weekly tests of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) and in total 24 times sampling of input and output for the treatment plant was performed instantly. The experiments were based on the latest proposed method in the book of standard method (the Examination of Water and Wastewater) and at the end, Microsoft EXCEL software was used for data analysis.
Results: The average COD, BOD and TSS entering the plant were 2036.69 ± 61, 1216.5 ± 220 and 791.12 ± 147 milligrams per liter and their average output from the plant were 747.71 ± 17, 517.5 ± 8 and 306.51 ± 8 milligrams per liter and the total average of removal efficiency for each of these parameters were 63.29 ± 3 percent, 57.45 ± 2 percent and 61.25 ± 5 percentage respectively.
Conclusion: The quality of output effluent from treatment plant of cattle slaughterhouse in Sanandaj, in almost all months was not according to effluent disposal standards and generally, the efficiency of this treatment plant is not desirable in removal of contaminants. Therefore, its efficiency should be improved by using appropriate methods.
Seyyed Alireza Golshani,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Launching of the Quarterly Journal of Hakim Seyyed Ismael Jorjani in Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services is appreciated. In this article, it has been tried to address the true life and birthplace of Hakim Seyyed Ismael Jorjani from a historical perspective. It is hoped that this review will enrich this respected scientific journal so that researchers honor and appreciate Iranian scholars and physicians.
Isa Gholampour Azizi, Molood Gorj, Bijhan Nouri, Samaneh Rouhi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Citrinin mycotoxin is produced by filamentous toxin producing fungi. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast has the ability to bind mycotoxins to its cell wall and thus reduce its toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of Citrinin mycotoxin and its reduction in wheat flour by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Method: In this study, 15 samples of wheat flour were randomly collected from the bakeries in the city of Babol. The amount of Citrinin contamination in samples was assessed by direct competitive ELISA measurement and then Saccharomyces cerevisiae was added to wheat flour. The amount of Citrinin contamination in the samples was measured by direct competetive ELISA for a second time. SPSS software (version 18), Kolmogrov-Smirnov test and paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of data. The significance level for all tests was considered less than 0.05.
Results: The highest and lowest concentration of this toxin in the studied samples were 35.5 and 1.1 ppb respectively, and after the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wheat flour, 0.8 and 30 ppb respectively. The statistical results showed that the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreased the amount of Citrinin in flour samples (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Bread is among the most important and necessary food. To reduce its contaminating materials such as mycotoxins, less expensive and safe biological methods can be used.
Zahra Moshtagh Eshgh, Ali Akbar Aghaeinezhad, Akram Peyman, Aref Amirkhani, Fakhredin Taghinejad, Ali Akbar Sheikhi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Job burnout is one of the inevitable consequences of occupational stress. Professional staff of social services are the first candidates of burnout, therefore this study was aimed to determine the relationship between occupational stresses with job burnout in pre-hospital emergency staff.
Method: In this cross-sectional study, 206 employees, working in 44 pre-hospital emergency bases in Golestan province were enrolled in years 2011-12. Information was obtained by occupational stress questionnaire and Maslach Burnout and then using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient test, ANOVA, T-Test and Tukey tests the data were analyzed in SPSS software.
Results: 117 individuals (75.5 percent) had moderate to high stress. Organizational factors (21.62 ± 6.05) with a mean score from 100 (65.51) had the highest score in causing stress and physical factors (10.44 ± 3.43), occupational (37.12 ± 1.12) and group factors (10.54 ± 1.12) were second and third respectively. Among all the subjects, 76.6% had experienced moderate to high burnout. There was a significant statistical difference between job stress and age (P=0.02) , type of employment (P=0.048) and between burnout and education (P=0.028) in the overall level of job stress and burnout significant correlation was observed (r=0.335, P<0.001).
Conclusion: Emergency staffs work in a stressful environment, which leads to burnout, thus identifying stressors and ways to overcome these factors, especially in the corporate (management) dimension can help reduce burnout.
Alireza Heydari, Mohammad Javad Kabir, Ashrafi Babazadeh Gashti, Nahid Jafari, Mansoureh Lotfi, Mohammad Aryaei, Mohammad Reza Honarvar, Mohammad Ali Pourabasi, Maryam Iri,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Job satisfaction Increases individual efficiency and commitment to the organization, ensuring the physical and mental health, life satisfaction and accelerate the learning of new skills on the job. The aim of this study was to determine the status of health professionals› satisfaction in the Golestan province.
Method: In this cross- sectional study, 1,275 health workers of Health centers in the Golestan province in the year 1391 were participated using the census method. Data was collected using Herzberg job satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, ANOVA and t-Test at the significant level of 0.05.
Results: Job satisfaction in terms of staff maintenance and support and given the potential and experience of individuals in granting liability were at dissatisfied level, In terms of corporate communications, career development, salary and benefits, challenges and job management, at relatively dissatisfied and from the aspect of social acceptance level was at relatively satisfied. Job satisfaction was significantly associated with work experience (P=0.049), ethnicity (P=0.009) and city of service location (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Due to poor job satisfaction levels, effective actions should be taken to improve organizational communication, career development, salary and benefits, social acceptance, staff maintenance and support, management, Job challenges, and granting responsibilities based on the ability and experience of the individuals.
Seyyed Kamaloddin Mirkarimi, Mohammad Aryaie, Aziz Kamran, Hasan Farid,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Self-care means enabling individuals to manage special circumstances, such as illness, chronic diseases and having more control over life. Women are more susceptible to serious health risks such as obesity and overweight compared to men, therefore this study was conducted in the city of Gorgan to determine the knowledge, attitude and behavior of women regarding the self-care behavior.
Method: In this descriptive- analytical study, 420 women referred to health centers of Gorgan were recruited through cluster random sampling. Data were collected using the standard general self-care questionnaire. Information such as barriers and facilitators of self-care behavior, knowledge, desire and performing self-care behaviors of individuals were evaluated. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests in SPSS software (version16).
Results: The mean age of samples was 33.07 ± 12.2 years. Among all the tested individuals, 49% (n=206) had a satisfactory knowledge about Self-care, 36.4% (n=152) had a tendency to perform self-care and 21.8 percent (n=92) were performing self-care related activities. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and performing self-care (P= 0.0001), attitudes and performing self-care (P=0.0001) and between knowledge and behavior (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: Due to the relative knowledge, attitude and unfavorable performance of individuals, appropriate educational interventions are recommended to increase knowledge. Moreover the awareness and attitude of the participants should also be changed using attitude change techniques such as in-depth interviews and subsequently its improvements will occur.
Fatemeh Bagheri, Hakimeh Alizadeh Majd, Zahra Mehrbakhsh, Majid Ziaratban,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Prediction of health status in newborns and also identification of its affecting factors is of the utmost importance. There are different ways of prediction. In this study, effective models and patterns have been studied using decision tree algorithm.
Method: This study was conducted on 1,668 childbirths in three hospitals of Shohada, Omidi and Mehr in city of Behshahr. Variables such as baby's gender, birth weight, birth order, maternal age, maternal history of illness, gestational diseases, type of delivery, reason of caesarean section, maternal age, family relationship of father and mother, mother's blood type, mother's occupation and blood pressure and place of residence were chosen as predictive factors of decision tree categorization method. The health status of the baby was used as a dependent dual-mode variable. All variables were used in clustering and correlation rules. Prediction was done and then compared using 4 decision-tree algorithms.
Results: In the clustering method, the optimal number of clusters was determined as 8, using the Dunn index measurement. Among all the implemented algorithms of CART, QUEST, CHAID and C5.0, C5.0 algorithm with detection rate of 94.44% was identified as the best algorithm. By implementing the Apriori algorithm, strong correlation rules were extracted with regard to the threshold for Support and Confidence. Among the characteristics, maternal age, birth weight and reason of caesarean section with the highest impacts were found as the most important factors in the prediction.
Conclusion: Due to the simple interpretation of the decision tree and understandability of the extracted rules derived from it, this model can be used for (most individuals) professionals and pregnant women at different levels.
Manijeh Jalilvand, Reza Najafipoor, Mohammad Shekari, Mana Oloomi, Safar Ali Alizadeh, Abdolazim Nejatizadeh,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the second most common cause of cancer death. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of breast cancer. Among these genetic factors, CHEk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) gene, as a tumor suppressor gene, plays a critical role in DNA repair. Germline mutations in CEHK2 result in the loss of this feature. One of the mutations in CHEK2 gene is a 5395 bp deletion mutation which has been associated with the increasing risk of Breast Cancer in some populations in the world. In the present study, we investigated the association between a 5395 bp deletion mutation in CHEK2 gene and the risk of Breast Cancer in the women of an Iranian population.
Methods: Pathologic information of 38 cases under the age of 45 and 62 cases over the age of 45 referring to surgery ward of Milad Hospital in Tehran were extracted. 100 healthy controls were included in the study as well. After obtaining informed consent, 5 mL whole blood was taken DNA was successfully isolated. Multiplex PCR was used to investigate the association between a 5395bp deletion mutation in CHEK2 gene and increasing risk of Breast Cancer among patients.
Results: The 5395bp deletion mutation in CHEK2 gene was not found in any of the participating groups of patients or heathy controls.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that there is no significant relation between increasing the risk of Breast Cancer and bearing large deletion mutation in exon 9 and exon 10 of CHECK2 gene.
Sara Sohrabvandi, Seyed Amir Mohgammad Mortazavian, Hamed Jahani, Mohammad Javad Eivani, Ameneh Nematollahhi, Rozita Komeili,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Fortification of beverages with new functional ingredients such as prebiotics is one of the recent progresses in the field of juice production. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of adding some prebiotics such as Inulin and Tagatose on physicochemical and sensory properties of orange juice.
Methods: The prebiotic compounds (Inulin and Tagatose) along with sucrose were added to orange juice in specific proportions and then pasteurized at 90°C. Orange juice treated samples were kept at 4°C (refrigerator temperature) and 25°C (room temperature) for 3 months. Physicochemical (Brix, acidity, sucrose content and pH) and sensory properties of treated samples were evaluated within time intervals of one month.
Results: The results showed that storage temperature had no significant effect on pH, Brix and acidity of all treatments (P>0.05). On the other hand, total sugar content of all treatments had decreased significantly during storage (P<0.05), as the greatest decrease was observed in Inulin-3/Sucrose-3 treatment keeping at room temperature with 33.7%. It was reported that no change in the transparency treatments was observed (P>0.05). Storage of treatments at room temperature had decreased the acceptance of flavors significantly (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The result of this study showed that Inulin in combination with sucrose and Tagatose could be used to produce salutary juice with desirable sensory properties.
Samaneh Haji Hosseini,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: With respect to lack of information about the effect of intensity differences, type of sport participation and their relationships with the other health factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), the present study was conducted to evaluate the associations between sports participation, levels of Physical Activity (PA) and CRF.
Methods: The present analytical study was conducted on 406 undergraduate students aging 18-21 years from Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources in second semester of 2014. CRF was tested with Rockport Walk Test among all participants. Sports participation was assessed by Ledent questionnaire and habitual physical activity (PA) data was evaluated using metabolic equivalent (METs) self-reported questionnaire. All analyses were carried out using SPSS version 20.0. An independent T-test, Chi-square statistic, ANOVA and regression were employed to analyze data statistically.
Results: The participants with desired CRF and acceptable levels of PA were significantly engaged more active in organized or unorganized sport activities and also competitive sports compared to others (P < 0.05). Individuals with at least 3 hours of moderate to vigorous PA per day had a better CRF (P<0.05).Regression results showed that participation in any level of competitive sports regardless of winning or loss guarantee the CRF to some extent.
Conclusion: Participation in competitive sports along with adopting active life style (2:30 min PA with moderate intensity and 30 min of competitive sport) may increase the chance of gaining CRF.
Seyed Ali Mard, Vahid Sebghatollahi, Bijan Ahmadi, Farnoosh Naghashian, Maria Kavianpoor, Hossein Khadem Haghighian,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the main risk factors for stomach illness. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and common dietary habits in patients with dyspepsia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on individuals referred for gastrointestinal endoscopy (N: 374) using a one-year food frequency questionnaire and a 24 hour dietary recall for three days. Tissue samples from the antrum, body and fundus were derived and kept in glass containers including formalin buffer for further pathologic examinations. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0. Independent-Sample t test was used to compare the means. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The study population was comprised of 214 healthy subjects (57%) and 160 patients (43%). The average daily intake of sausages (p = 0.001), burgers (p = 0.002) was higher in patients compared to the healthy group significantly. The average daily intake of fish (p = 0.001) and weekly intake of tomato (p = 0.001), onions (p = 0.002) and citrus (p = 0.001) was lower among patients in comparison to healthy subjects significantly.
Conclusion: The high consumption of fruits and vegetables and low intake of red meat were of dietary habits among healthy individuals. Although, high consumption of processed meat was of dietary habits among patients infected with H. pylori. Therefore, a proper diet can be recommended as a public health policy to the general public.
Mahnaz Gholjeh, Maryam Dastoorpour, Afsaneh Ghasemi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Obtaining the means of promoting nursing care quality have been always considered by nursing managers. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between nursing care quality and patients satisfaction in the hospitals affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2014.
Methods: The present cross-sectional study was accomplished on 68 employed nurses and 204 patients during a 4 month random sampling time interval. Three patients per nurse who had utilized at least 72 hours of nursing cares and were about to discharge at the time of research were chosen. Data collection tolls were the standardized questionnaires including nursing care quality measurement tool (Quality patient care scale: QUALPAC) and Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI). The data were analyzed using Chi-square, One-Way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient tests.
Results: The average age of the nurses and patients were respectively 30.8±4.9 and 37.9±10.7. The average score for QUALPAC was 61.3±12.5 and the quality of care was desirable in 55% of cases. Moreover, the average score for the satisfaction of patients was 71.8±10.9 and the patients expressed an intermediate satisfaction in 61 percent of cases. There was a positive significant correlation between the nursing care and patient satisfaction (P=0001).
Conclusion: It seems as if the health care system can provide the satisfaction of patients by enhancing nursing care quality or to employing more skilled nurses.
Yahya Pasdar, Mitra Darbandi, Parisa Niazi, Shokoufeh Alghasi, Farah Roshanpour,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Obesity is a public health problem in modern societies which is more prevalent among women compared to men. This study was conducted to aim the prevalence of obesity and the related factors in women of Kermanshah.
Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 687 women aging 25-65 years were enrolled using multi staged cluster sampling method from 6 regions of Kermanshah city. Data collection tools were a demographic questionnaire, Food Frequency (FFQ) and physical activity questionnaires. General Obesity was defined as BMI≥30 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity was defined as waste hip ratio (WHR) over 0.85cm. All data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Logistic regression-test and x2 by SPSS software.
Results: Overweight and obesity was observed in 39.4% and 21.9 % of women respectively. 57.5% of studied subjects suffered from abdominal obesity. The odds ratios for obesity among illiterate (OR=1.882, P=0.05), low socioeconomic status (OR=1.867, P=0.002), and having more than four pregnancies (OR=1.875, P=0.01) were higher than other women. Odds ratio of fatty liver (OR: 3.818) and diabetes (OR: 3.077) was higher among obese subjects than normal individuals. (P=0.02).There was a positive correlation between obesity and marital status, number of pregnancies, family population size and unhealthy dietary habits (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a negative relationship between obesity and education level, employment and high socioeconomic status (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Regarding the side effects of obesity and overweight, lifestyle modification and increasing nutritional knowledge among women using appropriate methods is highly recommended.
Alireza Abadi, Bagher Pahlavanzade, Keramat Nourijelyani, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Inability to measure exact exposure in epidemiological studies is a common problem in many studies, especially cross-sectional studies. Depending on the extent of misclassification, results may be affected. Existing methods for solving this problem require a lot of time and money and it is not practical for some of the exposures. Recently, new methods have been proposed in 1:1 matched case–control studies that have solved these problems to some extent. In the present study we have aimed to extend the existing Bayesian method to adjust for misclassification in matched case–control Studies with 1:2 matching.
Methods: Here, the standard Dirichlet prior distribution for a multinomial model was extended to allow the data of exposure–disease (OR) parameter to be imported into the model excluding other parameters. Information that exist in literature about association between exposure and disease were used as prior information about OR. In order to correct the misclassification Sensitivity Analysis was accomplished and the results were obtained under three Bayesian Methods.
Results: The results of naïve Bayesian model were similar to the classic model. The second Bayesian model by employing prior information about the OR, was heavily affected by these information.
The third proposed model provides maximum bias adjustment for the risk of heavy metals, smoking and drug abuse. This model showed that heavy metals are not an important risk factor although raw model (logistic regression Classic) detected this exposure as an influencing factor on the incidence of lung cancer. Sensitivity analysis showed that third model is robust regarding to different levels of Sensitivity and Specificity.
Conclusion: The present study showed that although in most of exposures the results of the second and third model were similar but the proposed model would be able to correct the misclassification to some extent.
Hamed Tavan, Sajjad Tavan, Zahra Ahmadi, Fatemeh Zandnia,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objective: There is a relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence and some demographic variables among students of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Ilam University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: Using a cross-correlation method of study, the standard 24-item questionnaire for spiritual intelligence and the standard 90-item questionnaire for emotional intelligence was subjected to 118 university students of Nursing and Midwifery faculty by simple random sampling. At the beginning of the questionnaire, demographic information were derived from the students. All data were analyzed by SPSS software and using Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation.
Results: The samples were comprised of 56% female and 46% male and the average score of spiritual intelligence among students was 68.5 while the average score of emotional intelligence was 305. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and gender while there was no relationship with the field of study.
Conclusion: The spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence was higher among women compared to men, and there was a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence so that boosting emotional intelligence can improve the emotional intelligence.
